Inboard brakes have been around for nearly 100 years. Some Cords had them and they used to be used on some road racers since I was a kid. They have fallen out of favor on race cars for several reasons including cooling problems, poor response and aerodynamic issues. Lighter materials including carbon fiber rotors and better caliper designs have minimized their advantage.
You can find plenty of pictures of F1 cars with inboard brake from the '60s through the '80s.
